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Celebrated mathematician Martin Gardner is your guide to the planar playground in this eBook collection. For 25 years in his Mathematical Games column, Gardner mixed well-understood topics with the cutting-edge, and here we've selected some of Gardner's best columns set in two dimensions, including games like Hex, geometric puzzles of transforming one shape to another, the physics of a two-dimensional world and more.
2) Cyberattacks
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The ubiquity of computers and smartphones has reshaped nearly every aspect of contemporary life, from how we communicate to how we shop. However, it has also provided a new avenue for criminal activity. Cyberattacks can take many forms, but in general the
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One of the most powerful tools in the science arsenal, mathematics allows scientists across disciplines to test hypotheses about the real world. In this eBook, we look at important recent advances in the field and examine the role of modeling and statistical analysis in understanding biology, physics, politics and more.
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Known as "the best friend mathematics ever had," Martin Gardner introduced many readers to real mathematics, making the subject accessible and fun for more than 25 years through his Mathematical Games column. In this eBook collection, we strove to create a new "slice" through his wealth of material. We focus on all flavors of number, from common integers and negative numbers to figurate numbers and the exotic random number, Omega, which can be described...
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With the introduction of new technologies in the industrial era, warfare-along with most other areas of life-went through a major change. During the American Civil War and World War I, advances in transportation, communication, and weaponry changed the way wars were fought. In the decades since World War I, warfare has continued to evolve. This title examines the history of modern warfare and how technology shapes war today, exploring topics such...
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Galileo said that mathematics is the language of nature. This eBook examines math across disciplines, exploring how math is the backbone connecting the physical, social and economic worlds. From practical questions about the significance of p values and using math to fight gerrymandering to the top theoretical problems in the field, this collection looks at what math reveals about our universe.
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Through the use of smart technology-an integrated network of computers and telecommunication devices that collect a large amount of data to facilitate machine learning and artificial intelligence-urban areas have the opportunity to optimize public services, improve infrastructure, and operate in a more environmentally friendly way. However, those who are skeptical of smart cities argue that the large amount of data that is collected could easily be...
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Sports are a human universal: humans in all cultures play them, and they've done so for a long, long time. This title is for readers whose interest in sports and athleticism goes deeper than stats of their favorite players and the standings of their favorite teams. The articles collected here answer questions about the physical and psychological conditions that make elite athletes, they look at the effects of technology in sports, and they explore...
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The concept of artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved greatly since the mid-twentieth century. This book examines the history of AI from early explorations to the latest technology. It also dives into the ethical questions surrounding AI, what AI might look like in the future, and ways in which AI can be used to improve human life. With text explaining the fundamentals of AI as well as current debates on the topic, teens will develop a strong understanding...
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As evidence for human interference in the Earth's climate continues to accumulate, scientists have gained a better understanding of when, where and how the impacts of global warming are being felt. In this eBook, we examine those impacts on the planet, on human society and on the plant and animal kingdoms, as well as effective mitigation strategies including resourceful urban design and smart carbon policies.
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People behave in strange ways. We sometimes giggle when someone falls down, swear we've been to places we haven't or continue believing in something despite scientific evidence to the contrary. For more than a decade, Scientific American MIND's long-running feature "Ask the Brains" has addressed questions from our readers on the quirks and quandaries of human behavior, psychology and neurology. Here in Ask the Brains, Part 1 we've compiled some of...
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Once dismissed as a mathematical curiosity, black holes are so strange they almost defy belief. Since their existence was confirmed, research into the nature of black holes has opened up new vistas in physics, and in this eBook, we examine some of the most fascinating discoveries about black hole formation and behavior, the new and evolving research in gravitational wave astronomy, theoretical possibilities such as wormholes and much more.
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Is time an illusion? Is time travel possible? Could time end? In this eBook, A Question of Time*, we take an interdisciplinary look at the fourth dimension, exploring the latest thinking on the nature of time and the ways it dominates our physical and mental worlds.
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Science fiction has imagined some pretty wild ideas about how the universe could work - from hidden extra dimensions in Interstellar to life as a mental projection in The Matrix. But these imaginings seem downright tame compared with the mind-bending science now coming out of physics and astronomy, and in this eBook, we look at the strange and fascinating discoveries shaping (and reshaping) the field today.
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How do neurons create feelings of sadness? Or the sense of a unique self? On the other hand, could conscious thought be an illusion? The nature of conscious experience is one of the most essential, enduring mysteries, and in this eBook we explore the diverse and sometimes contentious approaches to defining consciousness, research into its physical footprints, advances in measuring conscious awareness and emerging technologies bringing artificial intelligence...
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Neuroscientists have shown that music recruits nearly every area of the brain, fostering connections across different regions. In this eBook, we examine the latest imaging studies and discuss the effects of music on emotion, cognition, sensation and motor function. This includes an examination of the brain's anatomy when listening to or creating music, of music's relationship to learning math and language skills and of its role in promoting social...
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The murder of George Floyd in May 2020 brought fierce and renewed tensions to issues of anti-Black racism and police violence in the US. The outcry and eruption of protests following Floyd's killing led to a long-overdue reckoning across industries, in politics and in society to confront white supremacy and racial injustice. For Scientific American, part of this reckoning is to make a commitment to improved and wider reporting of racism and to elevate...
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The science of education is elusive. Educators, academics and scientists have struggled with issues like how to make learning approachable yet challenging, what to include in the curriculum and when, what the optimal class size is and so on. In this collection, we explore the many ways that learning is also a scientific process and offer the latest theories of teaching and learning.
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Boy or girl? Even before a person is born, that's the first thing everyone wants to know-underscoring just how much value humans place on gender. In this eBook, we take a closer look at the anatomical, chemical and functional differences in the brains of men and women-as well as some surprising similarities.
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